Helen Hewitt, Chief Executive of the British Woodworking Federation
Stairs are one of the most-used features in a building, yet they present a significant risk of injury through slips, trips, and falls. Research from the British Woodworking Federation (BWF) shows that 43% of UK adults have experienced a fall on the stairs in the past 12 months, with younger adults aged 18–34 most at risk.
Falls are often associated with older populations, but rushing, carrying items, or using mobile devices play a key role. Around a third of people admit to scrolling social media or messaging apps while on the stairs, despite 84% acknowledging the risk. Nearly a third (29%) also leave items such as parcels or laundry on staircases, adding to the hazard.
These findings highlight the crucial role architects and designers play in creating staircases that are both functional and safe. Good safe design, combined with responsible use, can significantly reduce the likelihood of accidents.
The risk
Falls on stairs can result in serious injuries and even fatalities. Younger people are more likely to experience a fall, but older adults face a higher risk of severe outcomes. In 2023, more than 850 deaths of those aged 65 and over were caused by falls on stairs, according to ONS data.
The BWF’s research also revealed some of the most common hazards which included slippery surfaces, poor lighting, items left on stairs, uneven steps, and missing or inadequate handrails. Almost half of UK adults (43%) reported a slip, trip, or fall on the stairs in the past year, with 60% of these incidents happening in the home.
Younger adults aged 18-34 were found to be particularly at risk, with over 60% reporting a fall compared to just 33% of over-65s. Nearly a third of accidents (32%) were linked to broken safety features or poor maintenance, including issues such as slippery surfaces (40%) and inadequate lighting (32%). These risks show that safe staircase design is not just about aesthetics; it is integral to user safety.
Stair design best practice
It’s clear that falls on stairs are linked to both user behaviour and staircase design. The BWF’s research found that nearly a third of accidents were associated with broken safety features or poor upkeep, including slippery surfaces, poor lighting, items left on stairs, uneven steps, and missing handrails.
By considering these factors at the initial design stage, architects and designers can help reduce the risk of trips, slips, and falls. The adoption of recognised design principles, such as those set out in British Standard 5395-1, could also make a measurable difference – with RoSPA research indicating that safer stair design could reduce falls by up to 60%.
Handrails and guarding are essential features of safe stair design. According to the BWF Stair Scheme, these should be continuous along the full length of the flight and positioned to provide comfortable support. Guarding must be strong enough to withstand impact and designed so that no opening permits a 100mm sphere to pass through.
Lighting should clearly illuminate each step and. good practice includes providing even, glare-free illumination and avoiding shadows across treads. Visual contrast between treads, risers, and handrails can further improve safe navigation, particularly for older users.
Surface finishes should be carefully selected. Slip-resistant materials at the tread nosing – the point of first contact in descent – can reduce the likelihood of slipping, while worn or polished surfaces should be avoided. Contrasting nosings and clearly defined landings also support intuitive movement and enhance safety.
Architects and construction professionals should embed these principles at the earliest stage of design, ensuring that both new builds and renovations provide stairs that are safe, accessible, and functional. By combining thoughtful design with attention to hazards, such as slippery surface coverings and poor lighting, staircases can meet the needs of all users while complementing the building’s interior.
Behaviour and lifestyle considerations
The BWF launched its latest awareness campaign- Speak up for Stair Safety – to encourage safer habits and embed safe staircase design throughout the construction process.
Stair safety begins with design and manufacturing. With the foundation of a safe design and installation, stair users can be confident that their staircase features core safety features, such as handrails and guarding, which will provide them with crucial touchpoints should they be needed to help prevent a trip or fall.
Architects play a key role in setting this standard – from specifying compliant components to collaborating closely with manufacturers to ensure accuracy in design and installation. This design-led approach not only supports safety but reinforces quality and compliance across the construction process.
Looking ahead
With nearly half of UK adults experiencing a fall the stairs each year, it is vital that both design and user behaviour continue to evolve.
By incorporating design best practice architects can ensures that staircases are both a striking feature of the home and safe, functional, and suited to modern lifestyles.
For more information and advice about safe staircase design, visit the BWF Stair Scheme guidance materials: https://stairs.bwf.org.uk